Sleep restriction promotes brain oxidative stress and inflammation, and aggravates cognitive impairment in insulin-resistant mice.

Sleep deprivation and insulin resistance (IR) are two risk factors for Alzheimer's disease. As the population of people with IR increases and sleep restriction (SR) due to staying up late becomes the "new normal", it is necessary to investigate the effects and molecular pathogenesis of chronic SR on cognitive function in insulin resistance. In this study, 4-week-old mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to establish IR model, and then the mice were subjected to SR for 21 days, and related indicators were assessed, including cognitive capacity, apoptosis, oxidative stress, glial cell activation, inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and adiponectin levels, for exploring the potential regulatory mechanisms. Compared with control group, IR mice showed impaired cognitive capacity, meanwhile, SR not only promoted Bax/Bcl2-induced hippocampal neuronal cell apoptosis and Nrf2/HO1- induced oxidative stress, but also increased microglia activation and inflammatory factor levels and BBB permeability, thus aggravating the cognitive impairment in IR mice. Consequently, changing bad living habits and ensuring sufficient sleep are important intervention strategies to moderate the aggravation of IR-induced cognitive impairment.

Multi-trajectories of body mass index, waist circumference, gut microbiota, and incident dyslipidemia: a 27-year prospective study.

Background: Evidence is insufficient to establish a longitudinal association between combined trajectories of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) and dyslipidemia. Our study aimed to explore the association between multi-trajectories of BMI and WC and incident dyslipidemia and identify microbiota and metabolite signatures of these trajectories. Methods: Stratified by sex, we used a group-based trajectory modeling approach to identify distinct multi-trajectories of BMI and WC among 10,678 participants from the China Health and Nutrition Survey over a 24-year period. For each sex, we examined the associations between these multi-trajectories (1991-2015) and the onset dyslipidemia (2018) using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for sociodemographic and lifestyles factors. We characterized the gut microbial composition and performed LASSO and logistic regression to identify gut microbial signatures associated with these multi-trajectories in males and females, respectively. Results: We identified four multi-trajectories of BMI and WC among both males and females: Normal (Group 1), BMI&WC normal increasing (Group 2), BMI&WC overweight increasing (Group 3), and BMI&WC obesity increasing (Group 4). Among males, Group 2 (OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.28-3.46), Group 3 (OR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.56-4.63) and Group 4 (OR: 3.56, 95% CI: 1.85-6.83) had higher odds of developing dyslipidemia. However, among females, only those in Group 2 (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 1.03-2.30) were more likely to develop dyslipidemia. In males, compared with Group 1, we observed lower alpha-diversity within Groups 2,3, and 4, and significant beta-diversity differences within Groups 3 and 4 (p 0.001). We also identified 3, 8, and 4 characteristic bacterial genera in male Groups 2, 3 and 4, and 2 genera in female Group 2. A total of 23, 25 and 10 differential metabolites were significantly associated with the above genera, except for Group 2 in males. Conclusions: The ascending combined trajectories of BMI and WC are associated with a higher risk of dyslipidemia, even with normal baseline levels, especially in males. Shared and unique gut microbial and metabolic signatures among these high-risk trajectories could enhance our understanding of the mechanisms connecting obesity to dyslipidemia.

Controlling ultrafast laser writing in silica glass by pulse temporal contrast.

We demonstrate that the temporal contrast of femtosecond light pulses is a critical parameter in laser writing inside transparent dielectrics, allowing different material modifications. In particular, anisotropic nanopores in silica glass are produced by high-contrast of 107 femtosecond Yb:KGW laser pulses rather than low-contrast of 103 Yb fiber laser pulses. The difference originates in the fiber laser storing a third of its energy in a post-pulse of up to 200 ps duration. The absorption of this low-intensity fraction of the pulse by laser-induced transient defects with relatively long lifetime and low excitation energy, such as self-trapped holes, drastically changes the kinetics of energy deposition and the type of material modification. We also demonstrate that low-contrast pulses are effective in creating lamellar birefringent structures, possibly driven by a quadrupole nonlinear current.

Betaine alleviates spermatogenic cells apoptosis of oligoasthenozoospermia rat model by up-regulating methyltransferases and affecting DNA methylation.

BACKGROUND: Oligoasthenozoospermia is the most common type of semen abnormality in male infertile patients. Betaine (BET) has been proved to have pharmacological effects on improving semen quality. BET also belongs to endogenous physiological active substances in the testis. However, the physiological function of BET in rat testis and its pharmacological mechanism against oligoasthenozoospermia remain unclear. PURPOSE: This research aims to prove the therapeutic effect and potential mechanism of BET on oligoasthenozoospermia rat model induced by Tripterygium wilfordii glycosides (TWGs). METHODS: The oligoasthenozoospermia rat model was established by a continuous gavage of TWGs (60 mg/kg) for 28 days. Negative control group, oligoasthenozoospermia group, positive drug group (levocarnitine, 300 mg/kg), and 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 800 mg/kg BET groups were created for exploring the therapeutic effect of BET on the oligoasthenozoospermia rat model. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by HE and TUNEL staining. Immunofluorescence assay of DNMT3A, PIWIL1, PRMT5, SETDB1, BHMT2, and METTL3, methylation capture sequencing, Pi-RNA sequencing, and molecular docking were used to elucidate potential pharmacological mechanisms. RESULTS: It is proved that BET can significantly restore testicular pathological damage induced by TWGs, which also can significantly reverse the apoptosis of spermatogenic cells. The spermatogenic cell protein expression levels of DNMT3A, PIWIL1, PRMT5, SETDB1, BHMT2, and METTL3 significantly decreased in oligoasthenozoospermia group. 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg BET groups can significantly increase expression level of the above-mentioned proteins. Methylation capture sequencing showed that BET can significantly increase the 5mC methylation level of Spata, Spag, and Specc spermatogenesis-related genes. Pi-RNA sequencing proved that the above-mentioned genes produce a large number of Pi-RNA under BET intervention. Pi-RNA can form complexes with PIWI proteins to participate in DNA methylation of target genes. Molecular docking indicated that BET may not directly act as substrate for methyltransferase and instead participates in DNA methylation by promoting the methionine cycle and increasing S-adenosylmethionine synthesis. CONCLUSION: BET has a significant therapeutic effect on oligoasthenozoospermia rat model induced by TWPs. The mechanism mainly involves that BET can increase the methylation level of Spata, Specc, and Spag target genes through the PIWI/Pi-RNA pathway and up-regulation of methyltransferases (including DNA methyltransferases and histone methyltransferases).

Combinational therapy of CAR T-cell and HDT/ASCT demonstrates impressive clinical efficacy and improved CAR T-cell behavior in relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: Approximately two-thirds of patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma (R/R LBCL) do not respond to or relapse after anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR T)-cell therapy, leading to poor outcomes. Previous studies have suggested that intensified lymphodepletion and hematological stem cell infusion can promote adoptively transferred T-cell expansion, enhancing antitumor effects. Therefore, we conducted a phase I/II clinical trial in which CNCT19 (an anti-CD19 CAR T-cell) was administered after myeloablative high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (HDT/ASCT) in patients with R/R LBCL. METHODS: Transplant-eligible patients with LBCL who were refractory to first-line immunochemotherapy or experiencing R/R status after salvage chemotherapy were enrolled. The study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this combinational therapy. Additionally, frozen peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from this trial and CNCT19 monotherapy studies for R/R LBCL were used to evaluate the impact of the combination therapy on the in vivo behavior of CNCT19 cells. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients with R/R LBCL were enrolled in this study. The overall response and complete response rates were 92.0% and 72.0%, respectively. The 2-year progression-free survival rate was 62.3%, and the overall survival was 68.5% after a median follow-up of 27.0 months. No unexpected toxicities were observed. All cases of cytokine release syndrome were of low grade. Two cases (8%) experienced grade 3 or higher CAR T-cell-related encephalopathy syndrome. The comparison of CNCT19 in vivo behavior showed that patients in the combinational therapy group exhibited enhanced in vivo expansion of CNCT19 cells and reduced long-term exhaustion formation, as opposed to those receiving CNCT19 monotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: The combinational therapy of HDT/ASCT and CNCT19 demonstrates impressive efficacy, improved CNCT19 behavior, and a favorable safety profile. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBERS: ChiCTR1900025419 and NCT04690192.

Imaging the intracellular refractive index distribution (IRID) for dynamic label-free living colon cancer cells via circularly depolarization decay model (CDDM).

Label-free detection of intracellular substances for living cancer cells remains a significant hurdle in cancer pathogenesis research. Although the sensitivity of light polarization to intracellular substances has been validated, current studies are predominantly focused on tissue lesions, thus label-free detection of substances within individual living cancer cells is still a challenge. The main difficulty is to find specific detection methods along with corresponding characteristic parameters. With refractive index as an endogenous marker of substances, this study proposes a detection method of intracellular refractive index distribution (IRID) for label-free living colon cancer (LoVo) cells. Utilizing the circular depolarization decay model (CDDM) to calculate the degree of circular polarization (DOCP) modulated by the cell allows for the derivation of the IRID on the focal plane. Experiments on LoVo cells demonstrated the refractive index of single cell can be accurately and precisely measured, with precision of 10-3 refractive index units (RIU). Additionally, chromatin content during the interphases (G1, S, G2) of cell cycle was recorded at 56.5%, 64.4%, and 71.5%, respectively. A significantly finer IRID can be obtained compared to the phase measurement method. This method is promising in providing a dynamic label-free intracellular substances detection method in cancer pathogenesis studies.

Alternating projection combined with fast gradient projection (FGP-AP) method for intensity-only measurement optical diffraction tomography in LED array microscopy.

Optical diffraction tomography (ODT) is a powerful label-free measurement tool that can quantitatively image the three-dimensional (3D) refractive index (RI) distribution of samples. However, the inherent "missing cone problem," limited illumination angles, and dependence on intensity-only measurements in a simplified imaging setup can all lead to insufficient information mapping in the Fourier domain, affecting 3D reconstruction results. In this paper, we propose the alternating projection combined with the fast gradient projection (FGP-AP) method to compensate for the above problem, which effectively reconstructs the 3D RI distribution of samples using intensity-only images captured from LED array microscopy. The FGP-AP method employs the alternating projection (AP) algorithm for gradient descent and the fast gradient projection (FGP) algorithm for regularization constraints. This approach is equivalent to incorporating prior knowledge of sample non-negativity and smoothness into the 3D reconstruction process. Simulations demonstrate that the FGP-AP method improves reconstruction quality compared to the original AP method, particularly in the presence of noise. Experimental results, obtained from mouse kidney cells and label-free blood cells, further affirm the superior 3D imaging efficacy of the FGP-AP method.

[Relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and obesity among adult residents in 15 provinces of China in 1991-2018].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and obesity in Chinese adult residents, and analyze the cut-off values of macronutrients for predicting obesity. METHODS: Data was collected in China Health and Nutrition Survey(CHNS)in 1991-2018. Adults who participated in at least two waves of the surveys and were not obese at baseline were selected as the study subjects. Obesity was defined as body mass index(BMI)≥28.0 kg/m~2. Generalized estimating equation was used to analyze the relationship between the percentage of energy intake from macronutrients and BMI and obesity, and receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) was used to analyze the cut-off values of percentage of energy intake from macronutrients to predict obesity. RESULTS: The percentage of energy intake from protein and fat of adult residents in 15 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities) in China showed an increasing trend(P<0.01), and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate showed a decreasing trend(P<0.01) between 1991 and 2018. After adjusting for covariates, the group of percentage of energy intake from fat in 20%～30%(ß=0.05, 95%CI 0.01-0.08)and ≥30%(ß=0.15, 95%CI 0.11-0.18)were positively correlated with BMI compared with the group of percentage of energy intake from fat <20%, and the risk of obesity in 20%-30% and ≥ 30% was increased by 17%(OR=1.17, 95%CI 1.04-1.31)and 6%(OR=1.06, 95%CI 1.24-1.56), respectively. Compared with the group of the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate < 50%, the group of 50% to 65%(ß=-0.08, 95% CI-0.11--0.05) and ≥ 65%(ß=-0.17, 95%CI-0.20--0.13) was negatively correlated with BMI, and the percentage of energy intake from carbohydrate ≥ 65% reduced the risk of obesity(OR=0.71, 95%CI 0.63-0.80). CONCLUSION: Carbohydrate intake was inversely correlated with the risk of obesity, and fat intake was positively correlated with the risk of obesity. Moderate intake of carbohydrates and reduced fat intake can prevent obesity.

The virtual staining method by quantitative phase imaging for label free lymphocytes based on self-supervised iteration cycle-consistent adversarial networks.

Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) provides 3D structural and morphological information for label free living cells. Unfortunately, this quantitative phase information cannot meet doctors' diagnostic requirements of the clinical "gold standard," which displays stained cells' pathological states based on 2D color features. To make QPI results satisfy the clinical "gold standard," the virtual staining method by QPI for label free lymphocytes based on self-supervised iteration Cycle-Consistent Adversarial Networks (CycleGANs) is proposed herein. The 3D phase information of QPI is, therefore, trained and transferred to a kind of 2D "virtual staining" image that is well in agreement with "gold standard" results. To solve the problem that unstained QPI and stained "gold standard" results cannot be obtained for the same label free living cell, the self-supervised iteration for the CycleGAN deep learning algorithm is designed to obtain a trained stained result as the ground truth for error evaluation. The structural similarity index of our virtual staining experimental results for 8756 lymphocytes is 0.86. Lymphocytes' area errors after converting to 2D virtual stained results from 3D phase information are less than 3.59%. The mean error of the nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio is 2.69%, and the color deviation from the "gold standard" is less than 6.67%.

Distribution of daily protein intake and appendicular skeletal muscle mass in healthy free-living Chinese older adults.

AIMS: Evidence regarding impact of protein intake distribution on skeletal muscle mass in older adults is limited and inconsistent. This study aims to investigate the relationship of evenness of dietary protein distribution and number of meals exceeding a threshold with appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) in healthy and free-living Chinese older adults. METHODS: Repeated measured data of 5689 adult participants aged ≥ 60 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) 2015 and 2018 waves were analyzed. Mixed-effects linear regression model was performed to examine the relationship between coefficient of variance (CV) of protein intake across meals, number of meals ≥ 0.4 g protein/kg BW and ASM, respectively. Analyses were conducted separately for male and female. RESULTS: The average CV of protein intake in each wave was in the range of 0.34-0.35. More than 40% male and female participants in each wave had no meal reaching 0.4 g protein/kg BW. Female participants in the highest quartile of protein intake CV had significantly lower ASM (ß = -0.18, 95%CI = -0.32, -0.04) compared with those in the lowest quartile, after adjustment for multiple confounders. Significant negative trends were observed across dietary protein CV quartiles with ASM both in male (P trend = 0.043) and female (P trend = 0.007). Significant positive association between number of meals exceeding 0.4 g protein /kg BW and relative ASM were observed in females (2 meals vs. 0 meal: ß = 0.003, 95%CI = 0.0007,0.006;≥3 meals vs. 0 meal: ß = 0.008, 95%CI = 0.003,0.013), after adjusting for multiple covariates. CONCLUSIONS: A more even-distributed protein intake pattern and more meals reaching protein intake threshold were respectively associated with higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass in healthy and free-living older Chinese adults. Prospective studies and intervention trials are needed to confirm these cross-sectional findings.

Comparison of diffusion ranges at different local anesthetic volumes during superior laryngeal nerve block.

OBJECTIVES: Ultrasound-guided superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) block is a practical and painless approach to avoid the hemodynamic stress response during endotracheal intubation and relieve sore throat after laryngeal surgery. The main purpose of this study was to establish an optimal dosage of local anesthetic when performing SLN block to help anesthetists balance analgesia and side effects. METHODS: Twenty fresh larynx specimens were obtained immediately after resection and then injected with 2-, 3-, 4-, or 5- mL of a lidocaine-blue dye mixture at bilateral SLN puncture sites. Superficial areas of deposited blue dye were measured. Dye leakage and surrounding dyed tissue were recorded. Another 40 patients were included in the ultrasound investigation. Distances between the internal branch of the SLN (iSLN) and adjacent structures were calculated. RESULTS: The dye spread area was greater with the administration of larger doses, especially to the visceral space. A 2- or 3-mL injection of local anesthetic was sufficient to infiltrate the SLN gap. A higher incidence of dye leaking out of the thyrohyoid membrane and anterior epiglottis space was observed; furthermore, there was substantially more dyed hyoid/thyroid cartilage with 4 and 5 mL of injected dye mixture than 2 mL. There was no significant difference between the specimen and ultrasound measurements of for length of iSLN-adjacent structures. CONCLUSIONS: In the Chinese population, 2- or 3- mL of local anesthetic is a safe dose during SLN block. A larger volume could overflow from the cavity to cause complications. The thyrohyoid membrane combined with the superior laryngeal artery is a reliable target for positioning the iSLN during ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia.

Derivation of an induced pluripotent stem cell line (FDCHi014-A) from PBMCs of a seven-year-old patient with a truncating NOVA2 variant (c.625del).

Neurodevelopmental disorder with or without autistic features and/or structural brain abnormalities (NEDASB) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by a heterozygous mutation in the NOVA2 gene on chromosome 19q13. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of an iPSC line derived from the peripheral blood of a 7-year-old patient carrying a novel heterozygous mutation in NOVA2 (c.625 del). The iPSCs with the confirmed patient-specific mutation were demonstrated by pluripotency markers, a normal karyotype, and the ability to differentiate into three germ layers. This NOVA2-mutant iPSC line could facilitate disease modeling and therapy development studies for NEDASB.

Diet Mediate the Impact of Host Habitat on Gut Microbiome and Influence Clinical Indexes by Modulating Gut Microbes and Serum Metabolites.

The impact of external factors on the human gut microbiota and how gut microbes contribute to human health is an intriguing question. Here, the gut microbiome of 3,224 individuals (496 with serum metabolome) with 109 variables is studied. Multiple analyses reveal that geographic factors explain the greatest variance of the gut microbiome and the similarity of individuals' gut microbiome is negatively correlated with their geographic distance. Main food components are the most important factors that mediate the impact of host habitats on the gut microbiome. Diet and gut microbes collaboratively contribute to the variation of serum metabolites, and correlate to the increase or decrease of certain clinical indexes. Specifically, systolic blood pressure is lowered by vegetable oil through increasing the abundance of Blautia and reducing the serum level of 1-palmitoyl-2-palmitoleoyl-GPC (16:0/16:1), but it is reduced by fruit intake through increasing the serum level of Blautia improved threonate. Besides, aging-related clinical indexes are also closely correlated with the variation of gut microbes and serum metabolites. In this study, the linkages of geographic locations, diet, the gut microbiome, serum metabolites, and physiological indexes in a Chinese population are characterized. It is proved again that gut microbes and their metabolites are important media for external factors to affect human health.

Effects of physical activity and sedentary behavior on serum vitamin D in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex, heterogeneous disease with multiple extrapulmonary manifestations, among which vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are very common in COPD and are associated with the health status and clinical outcomes of COPD patients. OBJECTIVES: This paper aims to analyze the impact of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and daily sitting time (DST) and their interactions on serum vitamin D in patients with COPD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Participants aged ≥40 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the USA from 2007 to 2012 who had undergone pulmonary function tests and vitamin D tests were selected as the study participants. Participants' LTPA and DST were assessed using the General Practice Assessment Questionnaire (GPAQ). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between serum vitamin D, LTPA, DSA and the combination of the 2 in patients with COPD, and the results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: This study included 1,448 samples. The mean vitamin D concentration of the samples was (68.27 ±26.78) nmol/L; 360 participants (24.86%) had vitamin D deficiency and 539 participants (37.22%) had vitamin D insufficiency. Vitamin D and 25(OH)D3 expression levels differed across the 4 groups (150 min/week and DST > 8 h revealed the highest vitamin D expression levels, while LTPA 8 h showed the lowest. Vitamin D was weakly correlated with FEV1, FVC, BMI, age, and LTPA (p < 0.01), but not with DST. Body mass index (BMI) was weakly positively correlated with DST (r = 0.142, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Serum physical activity and DST independently affect vitamin D levels in COPD patients; therefore, increasing physical activity and minimizing DST may help improve vitamin D levels and prevent vitamin D deficiency.

Loss-of-function variants in GLMN are associated with generalized skin hyperpigmentation with or without glomuvenous malformation.

BACKGROUNDS: Inherited hyperpigmented skin disorders comprise a group of entities with considerable clinical and genetic heterogenicity. The genetic basis of a majority of these disorders remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify the underlying gene for an unclarified disorder of autosomal-dominant generalized skin hyperpigmentation with or without glomuvenous malformation. METHODS: Whole-exome sequencing was performed in five unrelated families with autosomal-dominant generalized skin hyperpigmentation. Variants were confirmed using Sanger sequencing and a minigene assay was employed to evaluate the splicing alteration. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the quantity of melanocytes and melanosomes in hyperpigmented skin lesions. GLMN knockdown by siRNA assays was performed in human MNT-1 cells to examine melanin concentration and the underlying molecular mechanism. RESULTS: We identified five variants in GLMN in five unrelated families, including c.995_996insAACA(p.Ser333Thrfs*11), c.632 + 4delA, c.1470_1473dup(p.Thr492fs*12), c.1319G > A(p.Trp440*), and c.1613_1614insTA(Thr540*). The minigene assay confirmed that the c.632 + 4delA mutant resulted in an abolishment of the canonical donor splice site. Although the number of melanocytes remained unchanged in skin lesions as demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining of tyrosinase and premelanosome protein (PMEL), TEM revealed an increased quantity of melanosomes in the skin lesion of a patient. The GLMN-knockdown MNT-1 cells demonstrated a higher melanin concentration, a higher proportion of stage III and IV melanosomes, upregulation of MITF and tyrosinase, and downregulation of phosphorylated p70S6 K, compared to mock-transfected cells. CONCLUSIONS: We found loss-of-function variants in GLMN are associated with generalized skin hyperpigmentation with or without glomuvenous malformation. Our study implicates a potential role of glomulin in human skin melanogenesis, in addition to vascular morphogenesis.

[Generational differences in overweight and obesity among Chinese adult resident].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the generational differences in overweight/obesity prevalence and central obesity prevalence among Chinese adult residents aged 20 years and above at the same ages. METHODS: A total of 38 908 healthy adult residents aged 20 years and above from "the China Health and Nutrition Survey" in 1991, 2000, 2009, and 2018 were selected for this study. Based on age at the time of the survey, the study subjects were divided into 6 age groups(20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and ≥70 years old) corresponding to 9 different generations of births in 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 generations, respectively. All analyses were stratified by sex. A chi-square test was used to compare generational differences in overweight/obesity and central obesity at similar ages in populations born in different generations. Non-parametric tests were used to compare generational differences in BMI and waist circumference. RESULTS: (1) Body mass index(BMI), overweight/obesity rate, waist circumference, and central obesity rate showed unfavorable generational differences(P<0.0001) among different generations of residents at similar ages. BMI, overweight/obesity prevalence, waist circumference, and central obesity prevalence were higher in the younger generation. Overweight/obesity and central obesity occurred at an earlier age in the younger generation. (2) Generational differences in overweight/obesity rates and central obesity rates followed gender specificity. Unfavorable generational differences(P<0.0001) occurred in overweight/obesity as well as central obesity between the two oldest generations of females, with maximum differences of 15.5% and 8.0%. Unfavorable generational differences(P<0.0001) occurred in overweight/obesity between the two adjacent generations of men and in central obesity between the two youngest generations of men, with maximum differences of 19.5% and 17.0%. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight/obesity and central obesity among Chinese adults showed unfavorable generational differences. The prevalence of overweight/obesity and central obesity was higher in the younger generation. The younger generation develops overweight/obesity at an earlier age.

[Trends of eating out among males in China and its correlation with nutrition and health during 2000 to 2018].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the trend of eating out among Chinese male adults and explore the association between eating out and dietary nutrition and health. METHODS: Males aged 18 and above with complete data were selected from China Health and Nutrition Survey 2000, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015 and 2018. Eating out behavior was defined as having consumption of food prepared outside the home during the three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls period. Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to analyze the trend of prevalence of eating out and the energy contribution from eating out foods in males from 2000 to 2018. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the differences in several food and dietary nutrient intakes and nutritional indicators by eating out in 2018. RESULTS: The prevalence of eating out among Chinese male adults increased from 48.49% in 2000 to 57.51% in 2018, showing an increased trend followed by a decreased trend. Males in the 18-29 years old group, urban group, high income group, and high education level group had a higher rate of eating out(P<0.05). The energy contribution from eating out foods increased from 21.80% in 2000 to 28.77% in 2018, showing a slow upward trend. In 2018, the intake of rice, tubers and vegetables was lower in the eating out group, while intake of wheat, fruits, livestock and poultry meat, aquatic products, eggs and milk in eating out group was higher than those in the non-eating out group(P<0.05). The eating out group had a higher intake of energy, fat, protein, cholesterol, calcium, zinc, vitamin B_1 and vitamin B_2 than the non-eating out group(P<0.05). The eating out group had lower levels of systolic blood pressure, HDL-C, blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin than the counterparts. The levels of BMI, waist, body fat percentage, diastolic blood pressure and TG were higher in the eating out group than in the non-eating out group. CONCLUSION: From 2000 to 2011, the eating out rate of males in China showed an upward trend, and a downward trend after 2011. At the same time, the energy contribution of eating out foods is increasing. Eating out was associated with major food and nutrients intake and indicators of nutritional status in male adults.

[Changes in mild cognitive impairment and sociodemographic disparity among adults aged 55 years and above in 4 provinces of China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in mild cognitive impairment(MCI) and sociodemographic disparity among adults aged 55 years and above in 4 provinces of China. METHODS: A total of 4687 adults aged 55 years and above from Community-based Cohort Study on Nervous System Disease who did not have Alzheimer's disease, participated in both rounds of the survey, and had complete baseline sociodemographic data and two rounds of data on cognitive function were selected. Generalized estimation equations were used to analyse the effect of sociodemographic factors on MCI. RESULTS: The detection rates of MCI in adults aged 55 years and above without Alzheimer's disease in 4 provinces of China in 2018 and 2020 were 48.56% and 42.56% respectively. MCI occurred in 30.11% of those with normal cognition(NC) at baseline, and 44.24% of those with MCI at baseline reverted to NC. The risk of MCI increased and the likelihood of MCI reversion decreased with increasing age and decreasing per capita monthly household income. In the baseline NC population, the risk of MCI in the junior high school and above group was 35% lower than that in the illiterate group(RR=0.65, 95%CI 0.53-0.80), the risk of MCI was lower in those living in rural areas(RR=0.56, 95%CI 0.49-0.65), and the risk of MCI was 1.17 times(95%CI 1.03-1.32) higher in those with a history of chronic diseases than in those without it. In the baseline MCI population, the likelihood of MCI reversion increased with education, the likelihood of MCI reversion was 1.04 times higher for workers than for non-workers(95%CI 1.00-1.08). CONCLUSION: The incidence and reversal rates of MCI were high in adults aged ≥55 years in four provinces of China. Advanced age, low education and low income level are risk factors for cognitive dysfunction.